Observation based on effigy studies

This forum is designed to help us spread the knowledge of armouring.
zachos
Archive Member
Posts: 410
Joined: Fri Jan 11, 2008 6:18 am

Post by zachos »

Mac wrote:Lorenzo et Laurence,

Closed steel cuisses are not an impediment to riding, provided you use a saddle with a high narrow seat. Something along the lines of the Henry V saddle will accommodate closed cuisses well. Toby Capwell an I demonstrated this with the English harness and saddle I built for him several years ago. He not only rode in closed cuisses; he kicked ass in them.

Mac


Did the black harness have closed cuisses? I did not know that. How common were they in period?
lorenzo2
Archive Member
Posts: 1573
Joined: Thu Sep 26, 2002 1:01 am

Post by lorenzo2 »

Interesting info on the high saddle. :idea: Just shows how much there is to learn out there.
User avatar
Duane W
Archive Member
Posts: 289
Joined: Wed Mar 31, 2004 9:53 pm
Location: Somewhere near Pittsburgh, PA

Post by Duane W »

lorenzo2 wrote:Zachos brings up an interesting point about the inner thigh. If the Pembridge effigy is showing two pieces of steel laced together on the inner thigh can the suite still be used for riding? Perhaps we are seeing a leather back laced to a metal front?


More than suitable. If you look at modern riding breeches you'll see that folks are paying a good deal of money for leather "fiction" pads on the inner thigh (and inner calf if they are riding with half-chaps and using paddock boots.) and seat. A rider would get a bit more grip on his mount than he would with just plain steel. This would help to keep you in the saddle, especially if you didn't have a "Black Prince" wedge seat type saddle.

Take care,

Alexander
Bad armour is like nuclear waste - Once it is released in to the environment it never really goes away.
Lupus Argenteus
Archive Member
Posts: 372
Joined: Tue Jan 31, 2006 12:37 pm
Location: Massachusetts

Post by Lupus Argenteus »

In an attempt to brainstorm (and perhaps learn something along the way) - is it possible that the laces were the hinges of a sort themselves, and that (in the case of the Pembridge legs, at least) the legs were closed using something either under the maille or under the fan of the knee? This would alleviate some of the concerns people have about lacing into the armour being too much of a pain if it wasn't re-laced every time.
User avatar
Effingham
Archive Member
Posts: 15102
Joined: Sat Aug 19, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Franklin, IN USA
Contact:

Post by Effingham »

I really appreciate all the comments and speculations.

Some observations that are messing me up:

Notice that the cuisses both seem to have the "zip strip" at what slightly different places. The Pembridge one has it apparently dead center on the inside of the thigh. Note now the location of the cops, and the placement of the rivets on the cops compared to the line of the zip strip. They're in line. An examination of the effigy of the Black Prince -- a contemporary -- only shows a line there.

[img]http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2318/1599665269_b8fcf3e716_b.jpg[/img]

The zip strip on the Lichtervelde cuisse seems a bit forward of the midline of the thigh -- but this may be an artifact of the fact that this is a relief rather than a full-round sculpture, and it was more important for the detail to show than its exact location. At any rate, the cop here extends BEHIND the zip strip -- but shows no rivets. If this is actually the correct arrangement, How would this be put on, then, given that the cop is larger and extends so far behind the zip strip?

COULD these be leather?

I can't imagine someone like Pembridge with leather legs -- not in 1375. And given that both Pembridge and Lichtervelde both have "fully formed" sets of cuisses (that is, cops with a demi-greave) I can't imagine them being leather.

Note that the outside just shows a straight line -- no hinges or buckles. Odd that such details would be left out, while the line of stitching is so meticulously detailed on an INSIDE part of the effigy.

This picture of the Pembridge effigy also shows the line of stitching, but in addition shows the detail of buckles on the INSIDE of the greaves.

(Side point: I notice that there is a line of rivets in that same place on a set of the Churburg legs, running up the inside of the cuisse -- why are these there? What were they for?)
Image

So is it possible that there is some sort of leather panel they are stitched to? WHY? And how would these then be worn and strapped? There is no indication on Pembridge's effigy that the legs are anything but normal metal armour.

One of the things that I tend to think of as hallmarks of cuirbuilli armour in effigies is "frou frou" -- when I see armour panels that are all ornamented, it smacks to me of tooled leather. Likewise, a proliferation of "buttons" indicating rivets that may be holding splints to the undersides, or just studding the leather.

The kind of things I see as cuir bouilli are like the legsof Jan II van Polanen (1394), the knees on the effigy of Sir John de Goshall (1310), the arms and the legs of Sir Philip de la Beche (1325), the obviously splinted legs of Roger de Kerdiston (1337), the studded cuisses of Roger Grey (1340), the knees of John de Lyons (1350), etc.

This is why I tend to think Pembridge's legs (at least) are not leather, but metal.

The greaves are more annoyingly mysterious. I am assuming that the greaves on the Schönecken effigy are splinted leather. The rows of buttons can only be studs or rivets holding splints.

I don't even see a seam on the outside of the Drakenborch greaves -- so could the be spring-loaded? Or -- and I know some folks have suggested leather -- one piece constructs fastening up the inside? I really don't want to see these as leather, but... damn.


Side bonus: [url=http://flickr.com/photos/roelipilami/1623695259/sizes/l/in/set-72157602468647900/
]admire the funky layering on the legs on the effigy of Jan I van Wassenaar en Polanen (c. 1375).[/url]


Effingham
Webpage: http://www.sengokudaimyo.com
Custom avatars: http://sengokudaimyo.com/avatarbiz.html
SENGOKU DAIMYO ONLINE SHOP: http://www.cafepress.com/sengokudaimyo
Grand Cross of the Order of the Laurel: http://www.cafepress.com/laurelorder
User avatar
I. Stewart
Archive Member
Posts: 906
Joined: Fri May 31, 2002 1:01 am
Location: West Virginia

Post by I. Stewart »

Maybe they do work like shoelaces. The laces are not (exaclty) a closure, and there are no buckles either. What if the leg was just slipped on, and then the laces would be tightened to take up the slack. Would work just like chausses, which they would be used to wearing anyway. No need for buckles, and hinges wouldn't be needed because the cuisse is wide enough for the rest of the leg to pass through.

I have no idea about the greaves.
chef de chambre
Archive Member
Posts: 28806
Joined: Thu Aug 10, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Nashua, N.H. U.S.
Contact:

Post by chef de chambre »

HI Eff,

Don't make the mistake of assuming that a nobleman might not have had a percieved "lesser" sort of armour, or more likely, a range of adaptable types of harness.

For instance, looking 100 years post your effigy, I can tell you that John Howard had a full range of harness for his personal use, from jacks and 'gestraunts', to brigandiens, to full harness of plate. In one of his later entries, his clerk markes the order of a pair of light leg harness.

Pembridge likely had a variety as well. Perhaps he kept some of the types of armour he used in his youth, that might be considered obsolete, opr at least not cutting edge when he died. Perhaps he might have found metal greaves galling to wear as he got older.

Look to Aymner de Valence's tomb - on the sides, he is depicted in a wide range of equipment, from mail chausses, to schynbalds over mail, to complete leg harness, just looking at the legs.

Questions to consider - How old was he when he died? When was the last campaign he actively participated in? DId the artist likely work off of a set of his existing equipment? Or was the artist making a generic representation, as seen in some brasses produced for market?

I think, if the greaves are leather, a set of the laces replaces the hinge, Also note the lacing seen on the genouiles/knee cops.
User avatar
I. Stewart
Archive Member
Posts: 906
Joined: Fri May 31, 2002 1:01 am
Location: West Virginia

Post by I. Stewart »

chef, that makes sense, but tell me this: Why would they use lesser armours on his effigy? Wouldn't they try to make him look as good as possible and use the best equipment possible?
User avatar
Murdock
Something Different
Posts: 17705
Joined: Mon Jan 29, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Milwaukee, Wi U S of freakin A
Contact:

Post by Murdock »

Hmmm


this ones got me confounded

maybe it's internal hinges with the laces as closuers?

Looks like it might be unconfortable to ride in.

Dunno

Need to look more
User avatar
Lorenz De Thornham
Archive Member
Posts: 1128
Joined: Sun Mar 16, 2008 5:12 pm

Post by Lorenz De Thornham »

Hi Effingham,

The right leg you show is a modern replacement, just a note of caution, it is quite faithful to the left.

The ones you consider to be leather I do not for the 'most' part as the main plates are not tooled, they just have a decorative edge or applied decorative parts.

Side note; the 'Pembridge Helm' is of a much earlier style than the one on the monument.
Signo
Archive Member
Posts: 4963
Joined: Thu Jul 25, 2002 1:01 am
Location: Italy
Contact:

Post by Signo »

I've recently tried to make greaves from a single piece , riveted as a tube and shaped on a T stake. The starting metal was 1.2 mm (too much) then I cutted it on the outer side after shaping, because I planned to put hinges there. What I learned from this experience, is that it is quite easy to make it that way, the other thing that I think, is that with thinner metal, they are springy enough to be opened and closed at will.
So, I would not dismiss the idea of steel greaves with a lacing that would permit a product that "fit most sizes".
Kel Rekuta
Archive Member
Posts: 1587
Joined: Thu Apr 29, 2004 11:01 am
Location: Toronto Canada

Post by Kel Rekuta »

I. Stewart wrote:Maybe they do work like shoelaces. The laces are not (exaclty) a closure, and there are no buckles either. What if the leg was just slipped on, and then the laces would be tightened to take up the slack. Would work just like chausses, which they would be used to wearing anyway. No need for buckles, and hinges wouldn't be needed because the cuisse is wide enough for the rest of the leg to pass through.

I have no idea about the greaves.


Where does the slack lacing go when we can't see a knot? That puzzles me on these pieces. in A knot tucked into tightly fitted leg pieces very quickly becomes galling. I have to suppose the lace functioned as an adjustable hinge on the inside, especially on greaves. Its tied off inside once adjusted, as opposed to being a fastening system.

Any thoughts?
User avatar
Daniel S
Archive Member
Posts: 100
Joined: Sun Jan 06, 2008 8:24 am
Location: Sweden

Post by Daniel S »

Well, the laces could just have been tied and then the ends cut off. If I was a rich knight that's what I would do, and bring along a few spare laces.

Signo - that actually sounds like a really clever way of making greave halves that fit together neatly -- for those who have the proper stake. You don't happen to have any progress pics?
User avatar
bairdec
Archive Member
Posts: 885
Joined: Wed Dec 13, 2006 2:36 pm
Location: Tucson, AZ
Contact:

Post by bairdec »

I don't think laces tucked inside the cuisse would be that uncomfortable. My boots tend to have about nine inches of excess lace that gets tucked into the top of the boot, and it's not even noticeable unless I pull the laces really tight. I'm guessing these wold also be pointed? If so, they wouldn't need to be really tight to stay up.
Sometimes you have fun, and sometimes the fun has you. -Sgt. Schlock
User avatar
Murdock
Something Different
Posts: 17705
Joined: Mon Jan 29, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Milwaukee, Wi U S of freakin A
Contact:

Post by Murdock »

As for one piece greaves?

Something that thin, hardened yeah i can see that being a slip on.

The cuiess almost more so, you could just pull a cuiess on like a pants leg then lace it closed, you wouldn't have to spring it open much at all.
User avatar
Kenwrec Wulfe
Archive Member
Posts: 4260
Joined: Thu May 22, 2003 1:01 am
Location: Orlando, FL
Contact:

Post by Kenwrec Wulfe »

Eff -

As to the Pembridge effigy - arent there rolled edges at the top of the cuiss? I could be wrong, but it certainly looks like there are rolled edges depicted there. (on the right leg under the aketon and maille)

To my knowledge, you dont roll edges on leather.

Another note - the Pembridge depicts creases on the cuisses. Though you can mock crease leather, is their a point to it? There is nothing crisp about the shape and it would not offer and defensive strength to the piece. Admittedly, we have no evidence and these are effigies and not extant pieces...
Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. -Aristotle
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

zachos wrote:
Mac wrote:Lorenzo et Laurence,

Closed steel cuisses are not an impediment to riding, provided you use a saddle with a high narrow seat. Something along the lines of the Henry V saddle will accommodate closed cuisses well. Toby Capwell an I demonstrated this with the English harness and saddle I built for him several years ago. He not only rode in closed cuisses; he kicked ass in them.

Mac


Did the black harness have closed cuisses? I did not know that. How common were they in period?


zachos,

Yes, Dr. Toby's famous black harness had closed cuisses and very long skirts for the first jousting season.

Closed cuisses unusual, but not uncommon throughout much of Europe in the late 14th through the mid 15th centuries. In England, however, during that time, they appear to have been quite typical.

Mac
Kilkenny
Archive Member
Posts: 12021
Joined: Sun Oct 06, 2002 1:01 am
Location: NJ
Contact:

Post by Kilkenny »

Kenwrec Wulfe wrote:Eff -

As to the Pembridge effigy - arent there rolled edges at the top of the cuiss? I could be wrong, but it certainly looks like there are rolled edges depicted there. (on the right leg under the aketon and maille)

To my knowledge, you dont roll edges on leather.

Another note - the Pembridge depicts creases on the cuisses. Though you can mock crease leather, is their a point to it? There is nothing crisp about the shape and it would not offer and defensive strength to the piece. Admittedly, we have no evidence and these are effigies and not extant pieces...


While I don't have any argument regarding the rolling of edges on leather, the crease issue is easily addressed. Fashion. Plenty of things were done in armour design that were a matter of fashion, not function. You might very well do everything to make a leather greave look as identical as possible to a steel one, whether the features had a function or not.
Gavin Kilkenny
Proprietor
Noble Lion Leather
hardened leather armour and sundry leather goods
www.noblelionleather.com
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Kell,

I think that Bairdec is on the right track in drawing an analogy to the lacing of medieval footwear. I've seen a picture (somewhere) showing that the excess laces of shoes were (at least sometimes) simply twisted around one another and stuffed back into the top of the shoe.

If it works for your shoes, it should work for your greaves.

Mac
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Kenrick et Killkeny,

As far as I can tell the primary function of the crest line in the front of a greave is to look good. It's like the crease in your pant leg. The only place where it really needs to be that shape is just under your knee, and even here the crest does not have to be sharp. It just looks better when it's sharp. So why not just run a sharp crest all the way down to the instep?..... And while we're at it, let's run a crest all the way out to the toes of the sabotons! The crests on the feet will have nothing to do with anatomy, and no conceivable defensive function, but they look great!

Fashion will always rule, so long as function is not much impaired.

Mac
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Effingham,

I've been woried about the line of rivets down the "inseam" of those cuisses for many years. If I recall correctly, the cuisse at Chartres has them too. In the past, I've presumed that these are for attaching a broad strap to go around the back of the leg. This has proved to be more comfortable to wear than one or two thin straps. Now, I have to re-examine this reconstruction,in light of this lacing thing.

Also: thank you for posting that pic of the Black Prince's effigy. For years, I wondered if he was wearing closed cuisses. That picture shows that he is.

Mac
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Laurance,

Are you saying that the right leg of Churburg 54 is modern? Why do you think so?

Mac
User avatar
Effingham
Archive Member
Posts: 15102
Joined: Sat Aug 19, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Franklin, IN USA
Contact:

Post by Effingham »

Mac, my friend, the thought that I may have been able to do something of armour-type value to you pleases me to no end. :)

Here's a thought, then, based on the "broad panel" suggestion.

Say it's a leather panel that's riveted (Churburg & Chartres) or laced to (Pembridge etc.) the *inside* of the cuisse. It's a wide panel of leather until the outside, where it turns into a couple of straps that buckle on the outside. The reason for the wide solid panel would then be security and stability for riding -- you wouldn't be stretching straps or moving them all around. Does that make sense?

Effingham
Webpage: http://www.sengokudaimyo.com
Custom avatars: http://sengokudaimyo.com/avatarbiz.html
SENGOKU DAIMYO ONLINE SHOP: http://www.cafepress.com/sengokudaimyo
Grand Cross of the Order of the Laurel: http://www.cafepress.com/laurelorder
User avatar
Lorenz De Thornham
Archive Member
Posts: 1128
Joined: Sun Mar 16, 2008 5:12 pm

Post by Lorenz De Thornham »

Hi Mac,
:oops: no Pembridge, the monument; http://flickr.com/photos/roelipilami/16 ... 468647900/ from Effingham's post.

I seem to remember that some other parts are replacements too, but can't remember which at the moment.

Nice and thought provoking this topic and a good discussion too!

All the best Lawrence
zachos
Archive Member
Posts: 410
Joined: Fri Jan 11, 2008 6:18 am

Post by zachos »

Mac wrote:zachos,

Yes, Dr. Toby's famous black harness had closed cuisses and very long skirts for the first jousting season.

Closed cuisses unusual, but not uncommon throughout much of Europe in the late 14th through the mid 15th centuries. In England, however, during that time, they appear to have been quite typical.

Mac


Did you remove them after that then? it would appear they are missing in this set of images:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/12591757@N ... 676037715/

It seems to me that completely enclosed thighs would make riding more difficult, but I believe you when you say they were in use. Do you think it could be because of the english way of fighting that closed cuisses and longer skirts were so popular?
User avatar
Effingham
Archive Member
Posts: 15102
Joined: Sat Aug 19, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Franklin, IN USA
Contact:

Post by Effingham »

To more clearly explain what I was talking about in my last post, I kludged together this quick image using the Churburg leg as a base for what I'm talking about.

What do y'all think?

Image


Effingham
Webpage: http://www.sengokudaimyo.com
Custom avatars: http://sengokudaimyo.com/avatarbiz.html
SENGOKU DAIMYO ONLINE SHOP: http://www.cafepress.com/sengokudaimyo
Grand Cross of the Order of the Laurel: http://www.cafepress.com/laurelorder
Peikko
Archive Member
Posts: 1466
Joined: Mon Sep 22, 2008 10:16 am
Location: Formerly the sunny bit of England...Now returned to Malagentia, EK.

Post by Peikko »

Effingham wrote:To more clearly explain what I was talking about in my last post, I kludged together this quick image using the Churburg leg as a base for what I'm talking about.

What do y'all think?

Image


Effingham


Well I have no problem with that strap, except that it would have to be riveted on the piece shown, not laced as you've shown.
User avatar
Effingham
Archive Member
Posts: 15102
Joined: Sat Aug 19, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Franklin, IN USA
Contact:

Post by Effingham »

Why?

Lacing is shown in the Pembridge and Lichtervelde effigies.


Effingham
Webpage: http://www.sengokudaimyo.com
Custom avatars: http://sengokudaimyo.com/avatarbiz.html
SENGOKU DAIMYO ONLINE SHOP: http://www.cafepress.com/sengokudaimyo
Grand Cross of the Order of the Laurel: http://www.cafepress.com/laurelorder
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Effingham,

Yes, that's the sort of thing that I have done in the past, with the two buckles and all, save that I riveted it to the cuisse. The "big Ulric" armor at Churburg has wide straps like this, and so does Galleazzo d'Arco's.

In this application, though, I think the lacing is redundant. Any adjustments can be made at the buckles.

I think that the lacing is an alternative to buckles.

Now, since both the Ch54 and the Chartres cuisses are provided with strap or buckle slots on the lateral side, I don't think lacing is needed here; but it is one more thing to think about.

Mac
User avatar
Effingham
Archive Member
Posts: 15102
Joined: Sat Aug 19, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Franklin, IN USA
Contact:

Post by Effingham »

Cool!

Good to know.

The final version I'm thinking of will have a flat leather panel, and will be intended to *underlap* the outside cuisse extension -- the actual straps will be attached to this panel about the mid point (i.e., the back of the leg) and will then fasten to the buckles on the outside.


Effingham
Webpage: http://www.sengokudaimyo.com
Custom avatars: http://sengokudaimyo.com/avatarbiz.html
SENGOKU DAIMYO ONLINE SHOP: http://www.cafepress.com/sengokudaimyo
Grand Cross of the Order of the Laurel: http://www.cafepress.com/laurelorder
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Lawrence Parramore wrote:Hi Mac,
:oops: no Pembridge, the monument; http://flickr.com/photos/roelipilami/16 ... 468647900/ from Effingham's post.


uhh...right.. the Pembridge monument... (sorry!)

Mac
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

zachos wrote:
Did you remove them after that then? it would appear they are missing in this set of images:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/12591757@N ... 676037715/

It seems to me that completely enclosed thighs would make riding more difficult, but I believe you when you say they were in use. Do you think it could be because of the english way of fighting that closed cuisses and longer skirts were so popular?


After the first season, T.C. decided that he had proved his point, but was dissatisfied with how the long skirts and closed cuisses were abrading the saddle. We cut down the dorsal plates on the cuisses, removed two skirt lames and made longer tassets.

The English penchant for fighting on foot almost certainly fueled there desire to have closed cuisses and long skirts. The cuisses do not hinder riding, if the saddle seat is high, and the skirts just gather up a little until you dismount. These points are crucial to Dr. C's dissertation (which he plans to publish).

Mac
User avatar
Ernst
Archive Member
Posts: 8802
Joined: Sat Aug 12, 2000 1:01 am
Location: Jackson,MS USA

Post by Ernst »

One question that has come to my mind is if this laced construction is not more common than we had previously thought? Since the lacing is on the iside of the legs, the chance of seeing it is lost in most iconographic sources.
ferrum ferro acuitur et homo exacuit faciem amici sui
Kel Rekuta
Archive Member
Posts: 1587
Joined: Thu Apr 29, 2004 11:01 am
Location: Toronto Canada

Post by Kel Rekuta »

bairdec wrote:I don't think laces tucked inside the cuisse would be that uncomfortable. My boots tend to have about nine inches of excess lace that gets tucked into the top of the boot, and it's not even noticeable unless I pull the laces really tight. I'm guessing these wold also be pointed? If so, they wouldn't need to be really tight to stay up.


My experiments with laced greaves may suffer from inappropriate laces and/ or spacing. I'll have to play with it some more.

As this discussion continues, I'm less firmly of the opinion that the Pembridge effigy has leather cuisses and greaves. They are just laced up as as so many garments and accessories in the mid-late 14thC.
Mac
Archive Member
Posts: 9668
Joined: Thu Jan 04, 2001 2:01 am
Location: Jeffersonville, PA

Post by Mac »

Effingham,

Here is a quick sketch of the cuisses I made a few years ago for Will McLean. The dorsal extension plate of the cuisse is steel and is buckled to the lateral edge of the main plate. About a quarter of the circumference is made up of a broad leather panel. They are perhaps a little awkward to don and doff, but they seem to work well, and make use of all the rivet and strap locations of the exemplars.

I hope you will forgive my sketchy lines and illegible writing.

Mac
Attachments
cuisse.JPG
cuisse.JPG (16.43 KiB) Viewed 113 times
Post Reply