The Biquoque Helmet

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Sean M
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The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Sean M »

Since Toby's new book touches on French armour in the middle of the 15th century, I think I will translate the French treatise on military costume from 1446 on my Vocatio newsletter. The treatise says that French men-at-arms wear three kinds of headpieces: most wear a salet with a visor and a little bevor which just covers the chin, but:
Item, les aucuns portent différance en harnois de braz, de teste et de jambes ; premièrement la différance du harnoys de teste, cest assavoir de biquoques et de chappeaulx de Montaulban. Et premièrement, les biquoques sont de faczon à que sur la teste, en telle forme et manière come ancienement les bacinez à camail souloient estre, et d'autre part vers les aureilles viennent joindre aval, en telle forme et faczon comme souloient faire les berniers.

Item: Some bear something else for their harness on their arms, head, and legs. First, as for the different kinds of harness for the head, that is to say biquoques and hats of Montauban. And first, the biquoques are of the kind that on the head, in such form and manner as the old bascinet with camail used to be, and from either side opposite the ears they come to join below in front, in such form and fashion as the berniers ("kennel-man, people in charge of the hounds on a hunt"?) are accustomed to make.
It seems like the biquoques are what we call a grand bascinet, not what we call an armet. Do you agree? Have you seen this term used elsewhere?

We talked about Montauban hats in 2021. I also posted this on the XV century European Armour Facebook group.

Edit: I can see a case that these are armets (the phrase about coming from either ear to join below sounds like hinged cheek pieces) but my understanding is that grand bascinets were common in mid-15th-century France and armets were not, and there is no mention of a wrapper / bevor. So if the author meant what we call armets, he left out a common type of knightly headpiece.

Edit: The FEW volume 21 p. 527a says the etymology is "unknown" and when those old German philologists can't answer something its a good idea to step away slowly.
DIS MANIBUS GUILLELMI GENTIS MCLEANUM FAMILIARITER GALLERON DICTI
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Check out Age of Datini: European Material Culture 1360-1410
Sean M
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Re: The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Sean M »

Tasha Kelly and Toby Capwell (AotEK iii p. 7) remind me that bycocket could be a type of steel headpiece in England too http://www.larsdatter.com/bycokets.htm In the late 15th century I suspect its influence from Continental ways of talking about armour, like how the English start using the term gardebrace which had previously been used in France but not England.

Dress historians today usually call the "robin hood hats" with a single point in front a bycocket. I did not know that!

You can find examples of this term from France at http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/bicoquet

Late in his life, Claude Blair thought bycocket was what we call an armet https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-eng ... y/MED4368/
DIS MANIBUS GUILLELMI GENTIS MCLEANUM FAMILIARITER GALLERON DICTI
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Check out Age of Datini: European Material Culture 1360-1410
Sean M
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Re: The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Sean M »

Over on Facebook, Anton Stark pointed out that in the manuscript in Paris, the last word is ber-riiers not ber-niers (with a line break after the third letter). In dictionaries such as DMF that seems to be Berri (as in the duchy in France) + iers "thing from / for the" ie. a "headpiece from Berri" like spaulders are épaule "shoulder" + iers "thing for the". The word shows up in 15th century France and Iberia but basically the treatise equates one word we don't understand with another word we don't understand :( So the last clause would be "in such form and fashion as they are accustomed to make berriiers / the ones from Berri."
DIS MANIBUS GUILLELMI GENTIS MCLEANUM FAMILIARITER GALLERON DICTI
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Check out Age of Datini: European Material Culture 1360-1410
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Ernst
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Re: The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Ernst »

Coque = cockle, shell, or hull.
In English, something which opens in two halves like a cockle, clam, or walnut. Sounds like what we would term an armet with two equal side plates, unlike the single door Chalcis helms.
ferrum ferro acuitur et homo exacuit faciem amici sui
Sean M
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Re: The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Sean M »

I like the idea that biquoque could be a "two-cockle" headpiece or hat. http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/definition/coque1

Jean Juvénal des Ursines said that English gros valets in France wore chappelines Berriiers in 1415. My tentative hypothesis is that chappelines are small and round without much of a brim (Le Fèvre and Waurin say that English archers wore chappelines or huvettes "egg-shaped-headpieces" from oeuf "egg" in 1415). So maybe what makes a hat or headpiece "Berri style" is a rounded shape in the skull. Early armets may have been a smallish roundish bascinet skull plus two hinged pieces to cover the chin and mouth.
DIS MANIBUS GUILLELMI GENTIS MCLEANUM FAMILIARITER GALLERON DICTI
VIR OMNIBUS ARTIBUS PERITUS
Check out Age of Datini: European Material Culture 1360-1410
Sean M
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Re: The Biquoque Helmet

Post by Sean M »

Nicolas Baptiste has some early paintings of armets at https://loricahistorium.wordpress.com/2 ... r-project/
DIS MANIBUS GUILLELMI GENTIS MCLEANUM FAMILIARITER GALLERON DICTI
VIR OMNIBUS ARTIBUS PERITUS
Check out Age of Datini: European Material Culture 1360-1410
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